Field bryophytes of the Czech Republic

2 SOUHRN Orná p da tvo í v eské republice i v celé Evropské unii více než 30 % celkového zem d lského p dního fondu. A koli jsou orná pole svou rozlohou významným biotopem, po et druh , které je osidlují, není oproti divoké krajin p íliš vysoký a diverzita n kterých skupin polních druh není prozkoumána. V zájmu zvyšování druhového bohatství zem d lské krajiny zavedla evropská direktiva po átkem 90. let systém certifikace ekologického zem d lství. Dosud však není prokázáno, zda má ekologický management skute n pozitivní vliv na druhové bohatství jednotlivých skupin organism . Ve své diplomové práci jsem zkoumal, zda má ekologický a konven ní management vliv na druhové bohatství a složení spole enstev mechorost orné p dy s p stováním obilnin. Vliv ekologického managementu na mechorosty nebyl dosud nikdy prozkoumán na rozdíl od cévnatých rostlin, bezobratlých živo ich i obratlovc . Práce vychází z dat poskytnutých Ministerstvem zem d lství R pro 3 kraje (Pardubický, Vyso ina a St edo eský). Nejv tší ást práce tvo í vlastní terénní pr zkum diverzity na 12 polích v 6 lokalitách spojený s m ením a odvozením základních p dních i klimatických charakteristik. Výsledkem mého pr zkumu je zjišt ní, že konven ní management obilných polí má na druhové bohatství polních mechorost okrajový vliv a na složení spole enstva má...3 ABSTRACT More than 30 % of agricultural land in Europe also Czech Republic is covered by arable fields. There is no evidence about diversity of some arable fields bounded species groups. In general the diversity of arable land species is less than the wild land species. For increasing species diversity in agricultural land European commission comes up with agri environmental farming schemes in 90's. Till now real effectiveness of the agri environmental schemes is not clear for all species groups. In my thesis I have investigated whether the diversity and community composition of arable bryophytes species is influenced by agri environmental or conventional management on cereal fields. The influence of agri environmental management on arable bryophytes was never investigated in Europe unlike the other species groups like vascular plants, non vertebrates or vertebrates. The thesis stands on dataset provided by Ministry of agriculture for 3 Czech regions (kraj Vyso ina, Pardubický kraj, St edo eský kraj). My own research of arable bryophytes diversity held on 12 fields within 6 localities is the main part of the thesis supplemented by basic soil measurements and climatic characteristics extractions. Main result of the thesis is finding that conventional management has marginally positive effect on arable...Department of BotanyKatedra botanikyPřírodovědecká fakultaFaculty of Scienc

A meta-analysis of global fungal distribution reveals climate-driven patterns

The evolutionary and environmental factors that shape fungal biogeography are incompletely understood. Here, we assemble a large dataset consisting of previously generated mycobiome data linked to specific geographical locations across the world. We use this dataset to describe the distribution of fungal taxa and to look for correlations with different environmental factors such as climate, soil and vegetation variables. Our meta-study identifies climate as an important driver of different aspects of fungal biogeography, including the global distribution of common fungi as well as the composition and diversity of fungal communities. In our analysis, fungal diversity is concentrated at high latitudes, in contrast with the opposite pattern previously shown for plants and other organisms. Mycorrhizal fungi appear to have narrower climatic tolerances than pathogenic fungi. We speculate that climate change could affect ecosystem functioning because of the narrow climatic tolerances of key fungal taxa

Global maps of soil temperature

Research in global change ecology relies heavily on global climatic grids derived from estimates of air temperature in open areas at around 2 m above the ground. These climatic grids do not reflect conditions below vegetation canopies and near the ground surface, where critical ecosystem functions occur and most terrestrial species reside. Here, we provide global maps of soil temperature and bioclimatic variables at a 1-km2 resolution for 0–5 and 5–15 cm soil depth. These maps were created by calculating the difference (i.e. offset) between in situ soil temperature measurements, based on time series from over 1200 1-km2 pixels (summarized from 8519 unique temperature sensors) across all the world\u27s major terrestrial biomes, and coarse-grained air temperature estimates from ERA5-Land (an atmospheric reanalysis by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts). We show that mean annual soil temperature differs markedly from the corresponding gridded air temperature, by up to 10°C (mean = 3.0 ± 2.1°C), with substantial variation across biomes and seasons. Over the year, soils in cold and/or dry biomes are substantially warmer (+3.6 ± 2.3°C) than gridded air temperature, whereas soils in warm and humid environments are on average slightly cooler (−0.7 ± 2.3°C). The observed substantial and biome-specific offsets emphasize that the projected impacts of climate and climate change on near-surface biodiversity and ecosystem functioning are inaccurately assessed when air rather than soil temperature is used, especially in cold environments. The global soil-related bioclimatic variables provided here are an important step forward for any application in ecology and related disciplines. Nevertheless, we highlight the need to fill remaining geographic gaps by collecting more in situ measurements of microclimate conditions to further enhance the spatiotemporal resolution of global soil temperature products for ecological applications

Field bryophytes of the Czech Republic

3 ABSTRACT More than 30 % of agricultural land in Europe also Czech Republic is covered by arable fields. There is no evidence about diversity of some arable fields bounded species groups. In general the diversity of arable land species is less than the wild land species. For increasing species diversity in agricultural land European commission comes up with agri environmental farming schemes in 90's. Till now real effectiveness of the agri environmental schemes is not clear for all species groups. In my thesis I have investigated whether the diversity and community composition of arable bryophytes species is influenced by agri environmental or conventional management on cereal fields. The influence of agri environmental management on arable bryophytes was never investigated in Europe unlike the other species groups like vascular plants, non vertebrates or vertebrates. The thesis stands on dataset provided by Ministry of agriculture for 3 Czech regions (kraj Vyso ina, Pardubický kraj, St edo eský kraj). My own research of arable bryophytes diversity held on 12 fields within 6 localities is the main part of the thesis supplemented by basic soil measurements and climatic characteristics extractions. Main result of the thesis is finding that conventional management has marginally positive effect on arable..

Field bryophytes of the Czech Republic

3 ABSTRACT More than 30 % of agricultural land in Europe also Czech Republic is covered by arable fields. There is no evidence about diversity of some arable fields bounded species groups. In general the diversity of arable land species is less than the wild land species. For increasing species diversity in agricultural land European commission comes up with agri environmental farming schemes in 90's. Till now real effectiveness of the agri environmental schemes is not clear for all species groups. In my thesis I have investigated whether the diversity and community composition of arable bryophytes species is influenced by agri environmental or conventional management on cereal fields. The influence of agri environmental management on arable bryophytes was never investigated in Europe unlike the other species groups like vascular plants, non vertebrates or vertebrates. The thesis stands on dataset provided by Ministry of agriculture for 3 Czech regions (kraj Vyso ina, Pardubický kraj, St edo eský kraj). My own research of arable bryophytes diversity held on 12 fields within 6 localities is the main part of the thesis supplemented by basic soil measurements and climatic characteristics extractions. Main result of the thesis is finding that conventional management has marginally positive effect on arable..

Methodology for predictive mapping of rare and endangered bryophytes distribution in the Czech Republic

The methodology introduced certified procedure of using species distribution modelling to support discovery of new localities with presence of rare species of bryophytes and lichens in Czech Republic. The procedure available for general public, it provides algorithms, computation power and environmental data. User provides training data – coordinates of species presence. From the software interface it is also possible to request the coordinates directly from Database of Lichens and Bryophytes (DaLiBor). Georeferenced map is the output form the software. The aim of the methodology is to provide integrated tool for conservation planning and research to promote the bryological and lichenological field survey in Czech Republic. The methodology will help to focus the survey which could make the survey more efficient and cheaper according to money but also human resources. The methodology is based exclusively on free software, mostly open source and free licence. In the Czech Republic, the methodology provides modern software approach to target botanical research. In national practical nature conservation, it is all new application of established procedure from other fields.\

Summary Research Report

The summary report provides a detailed description of the project activities, the project methodology, the project results and a commentary/discussion of the individual results including a passage on the possibilities of sustainability of the project activities after the end of the project and suggestions for future application of the project results

Bryophytes of agrocenosis

This literary review is aimed to bryophytes of agrocenosis in Europe. Researchers usually do not put such interest to agrocenosis, because it is highly human affected biotope. Nevertheless some endangered or rare bryophyte species are found in agrocenosis more frequent than in other biotopes. Bryophytes of agrocenosis are limited by competition with vascular plants, vascular plant composition, soil pH, the way and timing of agricultural management. Factors like use of pesticide, use of fertilizer, or soil type are not significantly correlated with occurrence and diversity of bryophytes in agrocenosis. Bryophytes of agrocenosis have usually strategy of fast life cycle, good adaption to fast use of available resources, high biomass production, high resources allocation into reproduction, high viability of reproductive particles. As a part of my thesis, I compared bryophyte species richness in agrocenosis of European states, where research of bryophyte diversity was already done. (Slovakia, Lithuania, Great Britain and Ireland, Austria). 226 species of bryophytes in agrocenosis was recorded in Europe. I found 18 bryophyte species which was recorded in agocenosis of any of four states. Bryophytes of agrocenosis could comprise 9 - 21 % of national bryophyte species diversity in European states. Most of European..